carbohydrates classification in biochemistry

 Hello friends, in todays article we see the what are carbohydrates and its classification. This classification help to divide specific carbohydrates. let's see step by step

carbohydrates classification in biochemistry:

• Carbohydrates are the 'staff of life' for most of organisms in terms of sugers. On the basis of mass, they are the most abundant class of biomolecules in nature. Carbohydrates are also known as saccharides(sakcharon= suger of sweetness) since many of thos of relatively small molecular weight have a sweet taste, alhtough this is not true of those with large molecules.
• They are widely distributed molecules in both plant and animal tissues. They are indispensable for living organisms, serving as skeletal structure in plants and also in insects and crustanceans.
• Carbohydrates is found as food reserves in the storage organs of plants and in the animals in liver and muscles.
• They are an important source of energy required for the various metabolic activities of the living organisms. They also serve to lubricate skeletal joints, to provide adhesion between cells and to confer biological specificity on the surface of animal cells.
• plants are considerably richer in carbohydrates in comparison to the animals

Defination and Nomenclature of carbohydrates:

• The term carbohydrates was originally coined in class of compounds as were present of hydrate of carbon. The carbohydrate general formula, Cx(H2O)y and later it was found that some of them, such as deoxyribose (C5H₁₀O₅) and rhamnose (C₆H₁₂O₅) do not have the required ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. 
• In addition, certain other carbohydrates are now known to possess nitrogen (e.g. glucosamine, (C₆H₁₃O₅N), and phoshorus or sulfur also and obviously do not coincide with the above general formula.
• Formaldehyde (H.CHO or (CH₂O), acetic acid ((CH_3.COOH) and lactic acid ((C₃H₆O₃) , this molecules have the Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and the ratio of H:O is also the same as in water but they are not the carbohydrates.
• Hence, the carbohydrates terms is condtinued usage for the convenience rather than exactness. Now days carbohydrates broadly defined as polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketons and their derivaties and also the substance that yield one those compounds on hydrolysis.

Classification of carbohydrates:

• Carbohydrates are usually classifield as in three groups A) Monosacharide B) Oligosacharides and C) Polysaccharides. let's see one by one carbohydrates classification.

A) Monosacharides:

• Monosacharides are those carbohydrates which have the simple sugers are compunds which possess a free aldehyde or keton(=CO) groups and two or more hydroxyl groups(-OH).
• They are the simplests sugars and cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller units. The general formula is C_n(H₂O)_n or C_nH_2nO_n.
• The monosacharides may be subdivided into trioses, tetroses, pentoses, hexoses, heptoses etc.
• The monosacharides is depends on the number or carbon atoms they possess; and as aldoses or ketoses. depending upon whether they contain alhehyde or ketone group.
  
  
  
• In some monosaccharide both these characters are present, one is functional group and other is carbon atoms.
• The glycerose is an aldotriose, and ribulose a ketopentose and also glucose, an aldohexose. So are except like fructose as ketose are not as common as aldoses. The most abundant monosaccharide in nature is the 6 carbon sugar, D-glucose.
• the distinction in naming between aldoses and ketoses is also maintained. The suffix -oses is kept reserved for the aldoses and the suffix -uloses is used for ketoses. Thus glucose is a hexose and fructose, a hexose.
• However a few ketoses are named otherr , such as fructose ( fructus = fruit ) as fruits are a good source of this suger. 

Read more on properties of water

B) Oligosaccharides:

• Oligosaccharide are those compound sugars that yield 2 to 10 molecules of the same or different monosaccharides on hydrolysis, is known as oligosaccharides.
• Oligosaccharide yeilding 2 molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis is designated as a dissachharide,m and the one yeiling 3 molecules of monosaccharide as a trisaccharide and so on.
• The general formula of disaccharides (C_nH₂O)_n-1 and trisaccharide is (C_nH₂O)_n-2 and so on.
  
  
  

C) Polysaccharide:

• There are some compound sugars which yeild more than 10 molecules of monosaccharides on hydrolysis, is known as polysaccharide.
• There may be further classified depending on whether the monosaccharide molecules produced as a result of the hydrolysis of polysaccharides are of the same type as homopolysaccharide and or  of different types heteropolysaccharides.
• The general formula is (C₆H₁₀O₅)_x .
• Polysaccharides examples are Homopolysaccharide: Starch, glycogen, Insulin, Cellulose, Pectin, Chitin. and also Heteropolysaccharide: "specific soluble sugar" of pneumococcus type III, Hyaluronic acid, chondrotin.

This is all about the carbohydrate classification.

visit personal finance website